AIAPGET Practice Set 1

Explanation: According to Vaisheshika Darshana, there are six Padarthas (categories of reality): Dravya (substance), Guna (quality), Karma (action), Samanya (generality), Vishesha (particularity), and Samavaya (inherence). These are collectively called Shadpadartha.

Explanation: Pratyaksha Pramana means direct perception — knowledge gained through direct contact of the sense organs (Indriyas) with the object. It is the most fundamental and reliable Pramana. Charaka accepts three Pramanas (Pratyaksha, Anumana, Aptopadesha), while Sushruta adds Yukti as the fourth.

Explanation: According to Vaisheshika Darshana, there are nine Dravyas (substances): five Mahabhutas (Prithvi, Jala, Tejas, Vayu, Akasha), plus Kala (time), Disha (direction/space), Atma (soul), and Manas (mind). These are the Karana Dravyas (causal substances).

Explanation: Sushruta describes 300 Asthis (bones) in the human body, while Charaka describes 360. This discrepancy arises from different methods of counting — Sushruta counted teeth, nails, and cartilages as separate structures. The difference reflects the differing anatomical traditions.

Explanation: Out of the 107 Marma points, 19 are classified as Sadyah Pranahar (immediately lethal) — injury to these leads to instantaneous death. The other categories are: Kalantara Pranahar (33, lethal over time), Vishalyaghna (3, lethal on removal of foreign body), Vaikalyakar (44, causing disability), and Rujakar (8, causing pain).

Explanation: Charaka describes 13 pairs of Srotas (total 26 — 13 external, 13 internal pathways). These include three for intake (Pranavaha, Udakavaha, Annavaha), seven for tissue metabolism (one for each Dhatu), and three for excretion (Purishavaha, Mutravaha, Swedavaha). Sushruta adds Artavavaha for females.

Explanation: The five subtypes of Pitta are: Pachaka Pitta (seat: stomach/duodenum, digestion), Ranjaka Pitta (liver/spleen, blood colouration), Sadhaka Pitta (heart, intelligence/emotions), Alochaka Pitta (eyes, vision), and Bhrajaka Pitta (skin, complexion/lustre).

Explanation: The Ksheeradadhi Nyaya (law of transformation like milk to curd) states that each Dhatu is SEQUENTIALLY transformed into the next in a fixed order: Rasa → Rakta → Mamsa → Meda → Asthi → Majja → Shukra. This is the sequential transformation theory, analogous to how milk transforms into curd, then butter, then ghee.

Explanation: Mandagni (diminished digestive fire) is caused by aggravation of Kapha Dosha, which has heavy, cold, and unctuous qualities that suppress Agni. Teekshnagni (sharp, excessive digestion) is caused by Pitta aggravation, and Vishamagni (irregular digestion) by Vata aggravation. Samagni (balanced) is the normal state.

Explanation: Madhura (sweet) Rasa is composed of Prithvi (earth) and Jala (water) Mahabhutas. The six tastes and their elemental composition are: Madhura (Prithvi+Jala), Amla (Prithvi+Tejas), Lavana (Jala+Tejas), Tikta (Vayu+Akasha), Katu (Vayu+Tejas), and Kashaya (Vayu+Prithvi).

Explanation: Triphala consists of the dried fruits of three plants: Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica), and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis/Phyllanthus emblica). It is Tridosha Shamaka (balances all three Doshas) and is widely used as a Rasayana (rejuvenative) and mild laxative.

Explanation: Virya refers to the potency (active power) of a drug. There are two main types: Ushna Virya (hot potency) and Sheeta Virya (cold potency). Some authorities describe eight types of Virya. Virya is the active functional principle through which a drug performs its therapeutic action. It is considered dominant over Rasa and Vipaka.

Explanation: Shodhana of Parada (mercury) is an essential step before therapeutic use. It involves multiple stages of trituration with specific herbal and mineral media. The standard method includes trituration (mardana) with brick powder, rock salt, alum, and herbal juices (Kumari, Chitraka, etc.) to remove its impurities (dosha).

Explanation: Nischandratva (absence of metallic lustre) is one of the standard quality tests for a properly prepared Bhasma (calcinated metal/mineral). A good Bhasma should show no metallic lustre when examined. Other quality tests include Rekhapurnatva (fine enough to fill finger creases), Varitara (floats on water), and Apunarbhava (cannot be reverted to metallic form).

Explanation: The five basic pharmaceutical preparations (Pancha Vidha Kashaya Kalpana) are: Swarasa (expressed juice), Kalka (paste), Kwatha (decoction), Hima (cold infusion), and Phanta (hot infusion). These are the primary dosage forms from which other complex preparations are derived.

Explanation: Madhumeha (literally 'honey urine') is the Ayurvedic equivalent of diabetes mellitus. It is one of the 20 types of Prameha described in Charaka Samhita. It is considered Yapya (palliable/maintainable) when caused by Dosha imbalance, and Asadhya (incurable) when hereditary. Management includes Shodhana, Shamana, and dietary modifications.

Explanation: Amavata (Ama + Vata) closely corresponds to rheumatoid arthritis in modern medicine. It is caused by vitiated Vata carrying Ama (metabolic toxin) to the joints, resulting in joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and inflammation. Madhava Nidana provides the classical description. Treatment includes Langhana, Swedana, and Tikta-Katu drugs.

Explanation: The five purificatory procedures (Panchakarma) according to Sushruta are: Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Virechana (therapeutic purgation), Nasya (errhine therapy — nasal medication), Basti (medicated enema — considered the most important), and Raktamokshana (bloodletting). Charaka includes Basti in place of Raktamokshana.

Explanation: Sushruta's Ashtavidha Shastra Karma comprises: Chedana (excision), Bhedana (incision), Lekhana (scraping), Vyadhana (puncturing), Eshana (probing), Aharana (extraction), Visravana (drainage), and Seevana (suturing). Agnikarma (thermal cautery) is a para-surgical procedure (Anushastra Karma), not one of the eight.

Explanation: Ksharasutra (medicated alkaline thread) is most commonly used for fistula-in-ano (Bhagandara). The thread is prepared by repeated coating with Snuhi Kshira (latex of Euphorbia neriifolia), Apamarga Kshara (alkali of Achyranthes aspera), and Haridra (turmeric). It causes gradual chemical cutting and simultaneous healing of the fistula tract.

Explanation: Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) is indicated when Pitta Dosha is predominantly vitiated. It is a gentle form of Raktamokshana (bloodletting) suitable for delicate patients (Sukumara), children, elderly, and women. Other forms of Raktamokshana like Shringa (horn) and Alabu (gourd) are used for Vata and Kapha-predominant conditions respectively.

Explanation: Timira, Kacha, and Linganasha represent the progressive stages of visual deterioration in Ayurveda. Timira is the initial stage (blurred vision), Kacha is the intermediate stage (significant visual impairment comparable to early cataract), and Linganasha is the final stage (complete loss of vision, mature cataract). This progression correlates with the modern understanding of cataract development.

Explanation: Sushruta describes 76 Netra Rogas (eye diseases), classified according to the anatomical site of involvement: Sandhigata (9), Vartmagata (21), Shuklagata (11), Krishnagata (4), and Drishtigata (12 including Timira-Kacha-Linganasha), plus Sarvagata (17) and others. This comprehensive classification predated modern ophthalmic nosology by millennia.

Explanation: Pratishyaya corresponds to rhinitis (common cold/coryza) in modern medicine. It is classified into Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Sannipataja, and Raktaja types. If neglected, Pratishyaya progresses to Dushta Pratishyaya (chronic rhinitis) and Peenasa (sinusitis). Treatment includes Nasya, Dhoopana, and Dosha-specific medications.

Explanation: Sthavara Visha refers to poisons of plant and mineral origin (non-moving/stationary sources). Examples include Vatsanabha (aconite), Dhattura (stramonium), and mineral poisons. Jangama Visha refers to animal poisons (snake venom, scorpion sting, etc.), and Kritrima Visha to artificial/man-made poisons.

Explanation: Dooshi Visha refers to a slow-acting, cumulative poison that remains latent in the body for a long time without causing immediate death. It gets activated by aggravating factors like incompatible food (Viruddha Ahara), seasonal changes, or physical exertion. It is neutralised by Dosha but not completely eliminated, making it a concept similar to chronic, low-grade toxicity.

Explanation: A Vaidya's duties include treating all patients without discrimination, maintaining patient confidentiality, reporting medico-legal cases (injuries, poisoning, suspicious deaths) to authorities, and practicing within the scope of their training. Performing post-mortem examination was not a traditional duty of the Vaidya — it falls under the jurisdiction of designated legal/forensic authorities.

Explanation: Jatakarma Samskara is performed immediately after birth and traditionally includes administration of Madhu (honey) and Ghrita (ghee) mixed with Suvarna Bhasma (gold) to the newborn using a gold finger or spoon. It also includes Medhya drugs like Brahmi and Shankhapushpi for promoting intellect. Namakarana (naming ceremony) is performed on the 10th or 12th day.

Explanation: Phakka Roga (also called Phakka Vyadhi) most closely corresponds to rickets in modern medicine. It is characterised by delayed milestones, inability to walk or stand, bowing of limbs, abdominal distension, and growth retardation in children. It is primarily a disease of Asthi Dhatu (bone tissue) caused by nutritional deficiency.

Explanation: Swarna Prashana involves administration of Swarna Bhasma (gold ash) mixed with honey and ghee, along with Medhya (brain tonic) herbs like Brahmi, Shankhapushpi, and Vacha. It is given on Pushya Nakshatra (auspicious day) to children for enhancing immunity (Vyadhikshamatva), intellect (Medha), physical strength (Bala), and digestion (Agni).