CTET February 2026 - Paper 1 (Primary) - Booklet Set B, 08 February

Extrinsic motivation comes from __________ while intrinsic motivation is based on __________.

1. A.personal satisfaction; rewards such as prizes
2. B.avoidance of punishment; rewards such as prizes
3. C.approval of others; personal satisfaction✓
4. D.personal satisfaction; approval of others

Correct answer: C

Which of the following are examples of authentic learning tasks for students in primary grades ?

1. A.Copying answers from a friends' notebook.
2. B.Applying the concept to daily life.✓
3. C.Memorising a set of definitions.
4. D.Recalling factual information from textbook.

Correct answer: B

__________ refers to the time of development when an individual is most ready to acquire a new skill or ability and it is difficult to compensate for the loss of this later on in life.

1. A.Developmental Task
2. B.Sensitive Period✓
3. C.Zone of Proximal Development
4. D.Developmental Milestone

Correct answer: B

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others is __________ in childhood.

1. A.Uncommon and abnormal
2. B.Abnormal but not uncommon
3. C.Normal and common✓
4. D.Uncommon but normal

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : Learning is always situated in a social context. Reason (R) : What is learned cannot be separated from how it is learned and used. Choose the correct option :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.Both (A) and (R) are false.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Which principle of development is illustrated in the following statement ? During infancy and early childhood, the limbs continue to grow faster than the hands and feet.

1. A.Cephalocaudal principle
2. B.Principle of centration
3. C.Principle of integration
4. D.Proximodistal principle✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following are important to ensure meaningful learning ? (i) Provisioning of emotional support. (ii) An atmosphere of competition and rivalry. (iii) Opportunities for doing and experimenting. (iv) Standardised curriculum.

1. A.(ii), (iii), (iv)
2. B.(iii), (iv)
3. C.(i), (iii)✓
4. D.(i), (iii), (iv)

Correct answer: C

Formative assessment assumes that :

1. A.only quantitative parameters give `correct' feedback.
2. B.qualitative parameters are biased and subjective.
3. C.learners should also be involved in the process of assessment.✓
4. D.competition is essential for learning.

Correct answer: C

Which of the following skill is not actively practiced in the process of `reciprocal teaching' ?

1. A.Memorizing✓
2. B.Predicting
3. C.Questioning
4. D.Clarifying

Correct answer: A

In response to the question, "Is it alright to steal the chocolate from the freezer in absence of your parents ?" 4-year-old Meera replied, "It will be wrong because doing so can cause punishment from the parent." Meera's moral reasoning depicts which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development ?

1. A.Formal Conventional
2. B.Post-conventional
3. C.Pre-conventional✓
4. D.Conventional

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : An effective pedagogical strategy is to ask children to make linkages of new information with what they already know. Reason (R) : Identifying commonalities and differences can help children organize information which help them to think as well as remember better. Choose the correct option :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.Both (A) and (R) are false.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is an effective way to reduce the influence of gender stereotypes amongst children prevalent in society ?

1. A.Providing children with materials that are gender-specific.
2. B.Exposing children to diverse gender roles and encouraging them to pursue their interests.✓
3. C.Assuming that children will naturally incline towards gender-neutral activities and interests.
4. D.Encouraging children to conform to traditional gender roles.

Correct answer: B

Which of the following hinders the process of effective problem solving ?

1. A.Concept mapping
2. B.Brainstorming
3. C.Analogical thinking
4. D.Response set✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is an effective strategy for teaching children with autism ?

1. A.Avoiding use of any audio-visual aids.
2. B.Maintaining a predictable routine.✓
3. C.Using strict discipline and punishment.
4. D.Providing constant eye contact.

Correct answer: B

As per Jean Piaget's theory of development, children develop __________ by the end of sensorimotor stage.

1. A.Hypothetical logical reasoning
2. B.Object permanence✓
3. C.Symbolic thinking
4. D.Conservation

Correct answer: B

As per Lev Vygotsky, `inner speech' :

1. A.hinders the cognitive development of children.
2. B.is a sign of cognitive immaturity among children.
3. C.occurs from birth until the age of three.
4. D.helps in reasoning and organizing thoughts.✓

Correct answer: D

Principle of cephalocaudal development talks about __________ of development.

1. A.linear nature
2. B.multiple dimensions
3. C.orderly sequence✓
4. D.discontinuous nature

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : Invented spellings, free explorations of writings provide teachers with opportunities of authentic assessment of learner levels. Reason (R) : Given the vast linguistic diversity in the classroom assessment in language should be dynamic. Choose the correct option :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.Both (A) and (R) are false.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Assertion (A) : Creativity needs to be nurtured by presenting practical problems and issues to children for contemplation and reflection. Reason (R) : Creative children have the ability to discover something that is novel and need intellectual stimulation. Choose the correct option :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.Both (A) and (R) are false.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is characterised by :

1. A.Ongoing pattern of impulsivity.✓
2. B.Restricted and repetitive behavioural patterns.
3. C.Delayed motor and language skills.
4. D.High levels of depression and mood swings.

Correct answer: A

In inclusive classrooms the curriculum should be __________ and instruction should be __________.

1. A.standardized; uniform
2. B.flexible; uniform
3. C.standardized; differentiated
4. D.flexible; differentiated✓

Correct answer: D

According to Vygotsky's theory, the zone of proximal development refers to :

1. A.The level of skill or knowledge a student is capable of mastering with help.✓
2. B.The level of skill or knowledge a student is unlikely to ever achieve.
3. C.The level of skill or knowledge a student must master to pass a test or receive a grade.
4. D.The level of skill or knowledge a student has already mastered.

Correct answer: A

Assertion (A) : Teachers should provide a lot of scaffolding to children in the forms of prompts and cues. Reason (R) : Jean Piaget emphasized that more knowledgeable others play a significant role in advancing children's cognitive skills through social interaction. Choose the correct option :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.✓
3. C.Both (A) and (R) are false.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct answer: B

Students with mastery goal orientation set :

1. A.high goals to impress others.
2. B.low goals to avoid failure.
3. C.moderate goals motivated by fear and shame.
4. D.realistic learning goals.✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is an example of a question that requires students to generate creative solutions ?

1. A.How do you identify the subject of a sentence ?
2. B.What are the various types of nouns ?
3. C.How would you rewrite the given text from the perspective of an object rather than a person ?✓
4. D.What is the definition of a noun ?

Correct answer: C

Misconceptions among students should be __________ and intuitive guesses should be __________ among students in primary grades.

1. A.acknowledged; encouraged✓
2. B.dismissed; discouraged
3. C.acknowledged; discouraged
4. D.ignored; encouraged

Correct answer: A

The ability of hand-eye coordination, balance and manual dexterity is affected in :

1. A.Dyscalculia
2. B.Dysphasia
3. C.Dyspraxia✓
4. D.Dyslexia

Correct answer: C

Critical thinking in students can be promoted by :

1. A.Discouraging metacognition
2. B.Discouraging collaborations
3. C.Encouraging students to do rote rehearsal
4. D.Encouraging questions such as what, why, how✓

Correct answer: D

Development of children :

1. A.is a simple and unitary process.
2. B.unfolds in a random manner which does not have any pattern.
3. C.is multidimensional and multidirectional.✓
4. D.is synonymous with growth.

Correct answer: C

Ms. Rajlakshmi, a primary class mathematics teacher brings in a variety of concrete material in her classroom like bundles of match sticks, ice cream sticks, coloured buttons, base 10 blocks etc. to teach the concept of place value. Which of the following principles of theory of Zoltan P. Dienes is being used by her ?

1. A.Dynamic Principle
2. B.Iconic Mode
3. C.Perceptual Variability Principle✓
4. D.Mathematical Variability Principle

Correct answer: C

Main objective of teaching Pictographs to students is :

1. A.To utilize the free time of the students in the class
2. B.To engage students in the class activities
3. C.To represent data in an interesting way✓
4. D.To develop drawing skills in students

Correct answer: C

Which of the following is least appropriate in context of learning outcomes at foundational stage in mathematics ?

1. A.Designing activities connected to real-life situations to strengthen the learning outcomes.
2. B.Children advance to the next level of learning outcomes only upon achieving certain level of proficiency at the current level.
3. C.Primarily summative assessment is used to assess the skills or concepts developed at each level.✓
4. D.Explicit and measurable learning outcomes are defined which are the pathways for competency acquisition.

Correct answer: C

Which among the following is an example of a real life situation which represents `division as equal sharing' ?

1. A.There are 60 toffees in a packet and Samir would like to distribute it to his friends. How many toffees each friend will get ?
2. B.There are 30 students in a class. Teacher wants to form 5 groups of same size. How many students will be there in each group ?✓
3. C.Divide 50 into 10 equal groups.
4. D.There are 10 biscuits in a packet. How many biscuits will be there in 5 such packets ?

Correct answer: B

Which of the following statements is not correct ?

1. A.Errors of the students should be overlooked as pointing errors will demotivate them.✓
2. B.Errors in mathematics help teachers in planning their lessons.
3. C.Errors of the students give information about their thought process.
4. D.Errors in mathematics are part of learning.

Correct answer: A

One of the most important purposes of assessment in mathematics at primary school level is to :

1. A.find out important learning gaps and likewise make modifications in the pedagogy✓
2. B.prepare learners for secondary and high school mathematics
3. C.find out mathematicians of the future
4. D.determine learner's intelligence levels

Correct answer: A

Which of the following is an example of a task based on creative thinking that can be given to students of grade 5 ?

1. A.Find the area of a rectangle using formula
2. B.Find the area of a rectangle whose length is half of its breadth✓
3. C.Write multiplication table of 7
4. D.Add 415 and 237 using column addition

Correct answer: B

Which of the following fractions are in descending order ?

1. A.3/7, 5/9, 8/11, 4/5
2. B.8/11, 5/9, 4/5, 3/7
3. C.4/5, 8/11, 5/9, 3/7✓
4. D.3/7, 4/5, 5/9, 8/11

Correct answer: C

The numerical values of perimeter and area of a square are equal. The length of the side of the square is :

1. A.2 units
2. B.4 units✓
3. C.8 units
4. D.1 unit

Correct answer: B

Which of the following letters has one line of symmetry ?

1. A.O
2. B.X
3. C.S
4. D.V✓

Correct answer: D

Computational skills in mathematics can be enhanced by :

1. A.conducting hands-on-activities in class
2. B.giving conceptual knowledge
3. C.clarifying concepts and procedures followed by a lot of practice✓
4. D.describing algorithms only

Correct answer: C

A triangular pyramid has :

1. A.4 faces and 6 edges.✓
2. B.3 faces and 6 edges.
3. C.3 faces and 4 edges.
4. D.4 faces and 4 edges.

Correct answer: A

If a six digits number 72x292 is divisible by 36, then the value of (3x+2) is :

1. A.16
2. B.17✓
3. C.20
4. D.15

Correct answer: B

The difference between the greatest and smallest five digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 8, 2, 7, 0 and 6 only once is :

1. A.65942
2. B.66942✓
3. C.67942
4. D.56942

Correct answer: B

According to National Curriculum Framework 2005, mathematics curriculum must incorporate mathematical processes which are :

1. A.Memorization and application of formulae and multiplication tables in problem solving
2. B.Problem solving using estimation, approximations and spatial reasoning✓
3. C.Doing quick mental calculations
4. D.Teaching and learning of procedures of problem solving

Correct answer: B

In a class, teacher prepared the following table showing colours of eyes of 40 students : Boys - blue eye 5, brown eye 4, black eye 11; Girls - blue eye 7, brown eye 3, black eye 10. Teacher told four students to write one statement each about this table on the black-board. They wrote : (a) Number of boys and girls are equal. (b) Mostly students have black eye. (c) Total number of students having blue eyes is odd. (d) Total number of students having brown eyes is odd. Choose the correct option :

1. A.(a), (b) are true but (c), (d) are false.
2. B.(a), (b) and (d) are true but (c) is false.✓
3. C.(b) and (c) are true but (a) and (d) are false.
4. D.(a), (b), (c) are true but (d) is false.

Correct answer: B

According to NIPUN Bharat Mission, the states will ensure to achieve foundational numeracy till grade III by the end of the year :

1. A.2027-28
2. B.2024-25
3. C.2029-30
4. D.2026-27✓

Correct answer: D

Amita starts from the place A and reaches place B in 4 hours 44 minutes. From there, she returns to the starting place A in 3 hours 24 minutes. If she reaches back at 2.30 pm, then her starting time from place A was :

1. A.6.00 am
2. B.6.22 am✓
3. C.6.24 am
4. D.6.44 am

Correct answer: B

The missing number in the pattern 325, 259, 204, 160, 127, 105 __________ is :

1. A.96
2. B.98
3. C.94✓
4. D.90

Correct answer: C

Which of the following activities, most appropriately, represents the four stages involved in handling data i.e., collecting, organising, representing and interpreting data ?

1. A.Asking the pupils to list their favourite food.
2. B.Asking the pupils to mark their birth dates on a calendar.
3. C.Asking the pupils to write the names of their favourite cartoons.
4. D.Collecting data about how pupils travel to school and then comparing the different modes of transport used by the pupils.✓

Correct answer: D

Radha bought 9 bags of rice each weighing 9 kg 995 g. Total weight of rice in the bags is :

1. A.89.595 kg
2. B.89.795 kg
3. C.89.955 kg✓
4. D.89.985 kg

Correct answer: C

While giving a rectangular page to Mohan, Mathematics teacher told him to make a square out of it. Mohan folded that paper from one side and made a square. At what level of Van Heile's theory of geometrical understanding Mohan is ?

1. A.Level 2 (Relationship)✓
2. B.Level 1 (Analysis)
3. C.Level 0 (Visualisation)
4. D.Level 3 (Deduction)

Correct answer: A

Which of the following statements is least appropriate about mathematics curriculum for primary classes ?

1. A.It should help in making connections in mathematics.
2. B.It should enhance relational understanding.
3. C.It must be dynamic and coherent in nature.
4. D.It should be joyful and rigid.✓

Correct answer: D

Problem solving method of teaching mathematics involves which of the following steps ? (a) Posing mathematical problems and instructing steps of solutions. (b) Design a task based upon the current understanding of the students. (c) Posing everyday problems and help learners make sense of the mathematics involved. (d) Allowing the learners to actively take part in the finding solutions of the problems and justify the solutions. Choose the correct option :

1. A.only (a)
2. B.only (d)
3. C.(c) and (d)
4. D.(b), (c) and (d)✓

Correct answer: D

Work of which Indian Mathematician can be associated with "Game Theory" ?

1. A.Mahavira
2. B.Ramanujan✓
3. C.Brahmgupta
4. D.Aryabhatta

Correct answer: B

The perimeter of a rectangle is 410 m and its length is 123 m. The breadth of the rectangle (in m) is :

1. A.82✓
2. B.86
3. C.88
4. D.92

Correct answer: A

If HCF of two numbers is 18, then which of the following cannot be their LCM ?

1. A.128✓
2. B.108
3. C.72
4. D.144

Correct answer: A

How many twin primes are there in the numbers from 1 to 50 ?

1. A.6✓
2. B.5
3. C.4
4. D.7

Correct answer: A

What is the difference of the place values of the two 8s in the number 2853847 ?

1. A.799200✓
2. B.792000
3. C.799920
4. D.7999200

Correct answer: A

Which of the following statement is least appropriate about the errors made by students in a mathematics classroom ?

1. A.They can be determined by a diagnostic test.
2. B.They can be persistent if not identified.
3. C.They can be described but cannot be analysed.✓
4. D.They can be repeated.

Correct answer: C

At the elementary level, which one of the following topics would be most suitable for discussion and experience sharing in the EVS class ?

1. A.Uses of water and concept of density.
2. B.Uses of water and soluble substances.
3. C.Dandi march and concept of evaporation.
4. D.Everyone does not get the facility of water equally.✓

Correct answer: D

A teacher of Environmental Studies should include the local context of the children in conducting his/her class activities. Which of the following should a teacher pay attention to in order to incorporate the local context ?

1. A.The selection of local context should be in line with the discipline of the school.
2. B.The selection of the local context should be pedagogically imaginative and ethically correct.✓
3. C.Selection of local context should be from the textbooks of Environmental Studies.
4. D.Local context should be selected according to the convenience of a teacher.

Correct answer: B

An Environmental Studies teacher of class 4 made different groups of children in his class to do the task of making letter boxes on the theme Travel. During the work of making the model of the letter box, the teacher also assessed their work. Which of the following assessment tools would the teacher have used to assess children's activity ?

1. A.Portfolio✓
2. B.Check List and Achievement test
3. C.Achievement test and Anecdotal records
4. D.Worksheet

Correct answer: A

Many lessons in the NCERT EVS textbook are based on real people and their real experiences. Why would the textbook development committee have included real people and their real experiences ? (A) Children easily relate to real people. (B) During EVS, ideas can be discussed with the children by including their experiences. (C) It helps in reinforcing the idea that environmental studies can be done only in classrooms and through textbooks. (D) Real people and their experiences inspire children.

1. A.(A), (B) and (D)✓
2. B.(B), (C) and (D)
3. C.(A), (C) and (D)
4. D.(A), (B) and (C)

Correct answer: A

The territorial states of Karnataka are :

1. A.Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Gujarat
2. B.Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Kerala
3. C.Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha
4. D.Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana✓

Correct answer: D

There are many poems related to the environment in the textbooks of Environmental Studies. The teacher should also ask the children to create poems. Which one of the following process skills is mainly developed by writing poems ?

1. A.Creative expression✓
2. B.Motor skills
3. C.Learning skills
4. D.Convergent skill

Correct answer: A

Ajay is a teacher of Environmental Studies and he wants to conduct a role play activity in his class. Which of the following topics would be most appropriate for a role play for the children ?

1. A.Demonstration of solubility of various substances.
2. B.Evaporation of water.
3. C.Germination of seeds.
4. D.A family that gets only two buckets of water from a water tanker everyday.✓

Correct answer: D

On the map of a big city following scale is mentioned. Scale : 1 cm = 845 m If on this map the measured distance between two important locations of the city is 13.7 cm, the actual distance between the two locations is approximately :

1. A.12.90 km
2. B.11.57 km✓
3. C.11.02 km
4. D.12.50 km

Correct answer: B

Which one of the following tools is used to cut the dried leaves from the top of the onions in Karnataka ?

1. A.Illige✓
2. B.Kurige
3. C.Knife
4. D.Khunti

Correct answer: A

The locations of Punjab and Kerala respectively with respect to Bihar are :

1. A.North-west; South-east
2. B.North-east; South-west
3. C.North-west; South-west✓
4. D.Due North; South-east

Correct answer: C

Which of the following is correct in the context of Environmental Studies ? (A) The syllabus of Environmental Studies is title based in which the arrangement of titles is in a spiral and sequential manner. (B) The curriculum of Environmental Studies is theme based in which the arrangement of theme and sub-theme is in a spiral and sequential manner. (C) The curriculum of Environmental Studies is integrated. (D) Each lesson of the syllabus does not start with the main concept but starts with the main questions.

1. A.(A), (B) and (D)
2. B.(B), (C) and (D)✓
3. C.(A), (B) and (C)
4. D.(A), (C) and (D)

Correct answer: B

Consider the following Statements (A) and (B). Statement (A) : Sloth spends almost 20 hours a day sleeping. Statement (B) : Sloth lives for about 20 years and in that time they move around only 5 trees. Select the correct code from the following.

1. A.(A) and (B) both are wrong✓
2. B.(A) is correct but (B) is wrong
3. C.(A) is wrong but (B) is correct
4. D.(A) and (B) both are correct

Correct answer: A

I am a tree of desert areas. I grow without much water. My wood is not affected by insects and bark is used for making medicine. Guess, who am I ? Choose the correct answer from the following.

1. A.Desert Oak
2. B.Khejadi tree✓
3. C.Date Palm
4. D.Acacia

Correct answer: B

I am an Indian bird who lay eggs in between the stones. My nest is made of soft twigs, roots, wools, hair and cotton wool. Who am I ? Choose the correct answer from the following.

1. A.Crow
2. B.Woodpecker
3. C.Indian Robin✓
4. D.Indian Peafowl

Correct answer: C

As per the EVS curriculum, which one of the following topics related to "Family and Friends" should be most suitable for class 3 children ?

1. A.Family Tree✓
2. B.Causes of the changing nature of the family
3. C.Changes in the family
4. D.Society as family

Correct answer: A

The distance between the capital of India (New Delhi) and the capital of Bihar (Patna) is 792 km. If an express bus covers this distance in 11 hours, the average speed of the bus in metre per second is :

1. A.20 m/s✓
2. B.36 m/s
3. C.72 m/s
4. D.15 m/s

Correct answer: A

Which of the following should not be the appropriate pedagogy to learn theme "food" of EVS ?

1. A.The teacher should try to make the children express their own views.
2. B.Stimulate children's imagination to give them opportunities to construct knowledge.
3. C.Motivating the children to draw a labelled diagram of the digestive system.✓
4. D.Ask the children to draw their own picture and draw in their mind where the food goes from their mouth in the picture.

Correct answer: C

Choose the correctly matched pair(s). Language Where it is spoken (State) (a) Malayalam (i) Goa (b) Konkani (ii) Kerala (c) Marathi (iii) Jharkhand (d) Gujarati (iv) Karnataka (e) Kannada (v) Maharashtra (f) Kuduk (vi) Gujarat

1. A.(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(v), (d)-(vi), (e)-(iv), (f)-(iii)✓
2. B.(a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv), (e)-(vi), (f)-(v)
3. C.(a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(v), (d)-(iv), (e)-(vi), (f)-(iii)
4. D.(a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv), (e)-(v), (f)-(vi)

Correct answer: A

Consider the following Statements (A) and (B). Statement (A) : Animals whose ears you can see have hair on their body. These animals give birth to young ones. Statement (B) : Animals, whose ears you cannot see and they donot have hair on their body, lay eggs. Select the correct code from the following.

1. A.(A) and (B) both are wrong
2. B.(A) is correct but (B) is wrong
3. C.(A) is wrong but (B) is correct
4. D.(A) and (B) both are correct✓

Correct answer: D

What is the significance of Environmental Studies at the primary level ? Choose the most appropriate option from the following. (A) It is child focused. (B) Its focus is to teach the environment to children. (C) Environmental Studies makes children experience their environment. (D) Its objective is to develop positive attitude, problem solving skills and values.

1. A.(B), (C) and (D)
2. B.(A) and (D)
3. C.(A), (C) and (D)✓
4. D.(A), (B) and (C)

Correct answer: C

Fill in the blank : (i) Urea : Inorganic fertilizer : : Cow dung : _________ (ii) Gum : Natural adhesive : : __________ : Artificial adhesive. Choose the correct option.

1. A.(i) Fertilizer (ii) Fevicol
2. B.(i) Manure (ii) Fevicol✓
3. C.(i) Organic fertilizer (ii) Rubber
4. D.(i) Manure (ii) Rubber

Correct answer: B

It is said that children learn a lot from their surroundings quite easily. Their experiences should be brought into the classroom, their questions answered and their curiosities satisfied. By doing so, the curriculum of EVS can be made more enriching and creative. In the context of the above, the curriculum of Environmental Studies is indicating which of the following principles ?

1. A.Unknown to Known
2. B.Global to Local
3. C.Information to Understanding
4. D.Local to Global✓

Correct answer: D

A teacher demonstrates an experiment to his class how a mirror becomes hazy when we exhale air on it. Which general objective of teaching EVS is being achieved through this experiment ?

1. A.Explain the concept of cold or hot air to children.
2. B.Explain the concept of inhalation and exhalation.
3. C.Demonstrating experiment to the children.
4. D.To engage children in exploratory and hands-on activities to acquire basic cognitive and motor skills through processes of observation, classification and inference.✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following assessment criteria, at the district/state/national level, informs various stakeholders about a child's learning and also ensures quality of education ?

1. A.Learning Objectives
2. B.Learning Outcomes
3. C.Learning Outcomes and Competencies✓
4. D.Specific Learning Objectives

Correct answer: C

In the following question, Assertion and Reason are followed. Read the statements carefully and choose the correct option from the following. Assertion : The cultural resources of the communities are also very important for the learning of the child. Folk tales, folk songs, jokes, art etc. enrich the language and knowledge of the child. Reason : The local environment of the child is not only physical or natural, but his socio- cultural environment is also local.

1. A.Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. B.Assertion is true but Reason is false.
3. C.Assertion is false but Reason is true.
4. D.Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.✓

Correct answer: D

Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option. Assertion (A) : A distinct centrally located spherical structure in a cell is called Nucleus. Reason (R) : Nucleus is surrounded by a jelly like structure called cytoplasm.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).✓
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct answer: A

Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully. (A) : The history of many places show us how many different cultural influences have helped to shape life and culture there. (R) : Thus regions became very diverse because of their unique history for example Laddakh and Kerala. Choose the correct option from the following.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not explain (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Read the following Assertion and its Reason and choose the correct answer. Assertion (A) : Without worker-bee, there would be neither beehieve nor any nectar collection. Reason (R) : The male bees have very special role as workers.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true but (R) is false.✓
3. C.(A) is false but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct answer: B

A person boarded Rajdhani train from New Delhi on 30 April 2022 and reached Bhubaneshwar on 01 May 2022. The train departed from New Delhi at 17:00 hours and reached Bhubaneshwar at 20:00 hrs on 01 May 2022. If the distance between New Delhi and Bhubaneshwar by train route is nearly 1701 km. The average speed of the train during this journey was :

1. A.62.7 km/h
2. B.63 km/h✓
3. C.63.3 km/h
4. D.60 km/h

Correct answer: B

In the following question, Assertion and Reason are followed. Read the statements carefully and choose the correct option from the following. Assertion : The child's local objects are a natural source of learning which should be given primacy in the classroom. Reason : When the living world in and around the school is available for contemplation, children will be aware of environmental issues and will be able to nurture their interest in them.

1. A.Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
2. B.Assertion is true but Reason is false.
3. C.Assertion is false but Reason is true.
4. D.Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.✓

Correct answer: D

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. Why did Tarawati's husband `berate' her ?

1. A.For not treating their daughter well✓
2. B.For constantly quarrelling with him
3. C.For picking up fights with neighbours
4. D.For not doing the household work properly

Correct answer: A

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. Tarawati's emotional state towards her daughter could be described as __________.

1. A.loving
2. B.indifferent
3. C.ambivalent✓
4. D.hostile

Correct answer: C

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. What social issue is highlighted in the passage ?

1. A.caste
2. B.gender✓
3. C.communalism
4. D.poverty

Correct answer: B

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. Choose the word nearest in meaning to `holler'.

1. A.shout✓
2. B.request
3. C.talk
4. D.quarrel

Correct answer: A

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. `Things were lying at sixes and sevens ...' means .....

1. A.in proper order
2. B.in a disorderly state✓
3. C.being old and worn-out
4. D.being dirty and unwashed

Correct answer: B

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. Which of the following is opposite in meaning to `admonition' ?

1. A.flattery
2. B.praise✓
3. C.shriek
4. D.rebuke

Correct answer: B

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. The next day, Roopa had to appear in her examination in __________.

1. A.Home Science✓
2. B.Chemistry
3. C.Biology
4. D.English

Correct answer: A

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. Why was Tarawati not keen to get Roopa educated ?

1. A.Because she did not know the value of good education✓
2. B.Because she did not want to spend money on Roopa's education
3. C.Because she did not want Roopa to go out
4. D.Because she did not love her

Correct answer: A

Soon some idea struck her and she went to the window and hollered, `Roopa! Roopa!' After calling out for Roopa, she had a look at the things that she had brought for her. Roopa had to sit for her home science examination the next day and Tarawati had collected things like some kitchen items, a bucket, a mug and a stool that Roopa required for the practical examination. While looking at the things that she had collected for Roopa, Tarawati recalled her husband who had died a few years ago. She remembered him berating her for not treating Roopa well. `Roopa's mother! Do not think only sons deserve all love and care and not daughters. I'm determined to give Roopa good education so that she leads a happy and meaningful life. You are not educated yourself. That's probably why you don't want her to be educated. This is not fair on your part. You must change your views and let her grow and flower into a happy, confident individual.' Thinking of her husband's admonition on this account, Tarawati felt emotional. The fact of the matter was that Roopa's parents differed on Roopa's upbringing and fought with each other on the issue. The fight continued for days together and often it was Roopa who intervened to broker peace between them. On his death-bed too, Roopa's father had cried and pleaded with her to treat Roopa in a nice manner. Hugging Roopa, he had told Tarawati, `Take care of Roopa. Give her good education and let her decide the course of her life herself.' While recalling the interaction, tears rolled down Tarawati's eyes. Meanwhile, the evening shadows were getting darker. Tarawati was exhausted and had a headache too. She looked at her dust-laden feet and then around the room. In order to bring some semblance of order, she forced herself to get up and get going. Then she called her daughter again, `Roopa! Roopa!'. `. . . to broker peace between them.' Identify the Part of Speech of the underlined expression.

1. A.Adjective
2. B.Preposition
3. C.Verb✓
4. D.Noun

Correct answer: C

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. `The god of rain/turned away his face'. Which figure of speech is used here ?

1. A.alliteration
2. B.personification✓
3. C.oxymoron
4. D.transferred epithet

Correct answer: B

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. What does `the poverty line/receded further' signify ?

1. A.That poverty is of no consequence in the present-day world
2. B.That poverty is increasing✓
3. C.That poverty is a thing of the past
4. D.That poverty is going down

Correct answer: B

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. The village becoming a graveyard is a metaphor that :

1. A.people are migrating to other cities.
2. B.more graveyards are being planned.
3. C.people are living in graveyards.
4. D.people are dying in large numbers.✓

Correct answer: D

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. Kalahandi as described in the poem stands for :

1. A.prosperity
2. B.hunger✓
3. C.natural disasters
4. D.development

Correct answer: B

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. What natural calamity is the poet talking about ?

1. A.drought✓
2. B.earthquake
3. C.landslide
4. D.floods

Correct answer: A

Put away the road maps now. To go there, you do not need helicopters any more; wherever there is hunger, there Kalahandi is. The god of rain turned away his face. There was not one green leaf left on the trees for supper. The whole village a graveyard. Cracked ground, drab river sand. All the plans failed; the poverty line receded further. What is the dominant `mood' of the poem ?

1. A.sorrow✓
2. B.surprise
3. C.anger
4. D.relief

Correct answer: A

Assertion (A) : Learning experiences in the classroom are deeply connected to children's lives and their contexts. Reason (R) : Learning experiences are designed to build on children's previous understanding. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Which of the following is NOT true of learning a language ?

1. A.Language learning takes time.
2. B.Language learning is meaning making.
3. C.Grammar learning is essential for learning a language.✓
4. D.All learners can learn a language easily if sufficient engagement with language is given.

Correct answer: C

To assess whether students can use functional exponents for buying something in a shop, it would be appropriate for students to ;

1. A.Write about their food preferences.
2. B.Read a short story between shopkeeper and customers.
3. C.Draw the scene between shopkeeper and customers.
4. D.Write short dialogue between shopkeeper and customers.✓

Correct answer: D

A teacher found some of the aspects of language learning e.g. reading with understanding a text on scientific concepts. She decided to pick students who find it difficult on the particular aspects. She took separate session for them to support them read and understand such text. What is this practice known as ?

1. A.Higher Order Skills.
2. B.Thinking Skills.
3. C.Feedback Teaching.
4. D.Remedial Teaching.✓

Correct answer: D

Which one of the following is NOT a sub skill of reading ?

1. A.Deducing the meaning and use of unfamiliar lexical items.
2. B.Scanning to locate specifically required information.
3. C.Knowing the spelling of each word.✓
4. D.Recognizing vocabulary, picking out key words.

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : A student portfolio is a purposeful collection of pieces of student work. Reason (R) : The Portfolio can encourage students to evaluate their own strengths and weaknesses. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

To help students to develop their vocabulary, a teacher is using the material that contains language that has been made easier for students and is based on authentic material. This material is :

1. A.Role-cards.
2. B.Bilingual dictionaries.
3. C.Graded readers.✓
4. D.Newspaper.

Correct answer: C

A language teacher gives students a questionnaire in order to find out more about their learning styles and preferences. Here the teacher is in the role of a :

1. A.Planner.
2. B.Provider of expert information.
3. C.Diagnostician.✓
4. D.Manager.

Correct answer: C

A teacher of class I asks her learners to scribble, draw and write whatever children want, on the walls. What does she encourage here ?

1. A.joy and humour.
2. B.writing skill development.
3. C.initiation to writing the letters of alphabets.
4. D.emergent literacy development.✓

Correct answer: D

Which one of the following is incorrect about the pictures ? Pictures and illustration in books :

1. A.retain the interest of children.
2. B.to give them opportunity to draw such pictures.✓
3. C.help to present language in unfamiliar and memorable contexts.
4. D.support content.

Correct answer: B

Which of the following statement related to the young learners is true ?

1. A.young learners find it hard to understand abstract concepts.✓
2. B.young learners partially understand the abstract concepts.
3. C.young learners get motivated by abstract concepts.
4. D.young learners understand the abstract concepts.

Correct answer: A

What steps would you take as a teacher to facilitate students' interaction in your class ? (a) Encourage the students to ask more questions. (b) Conduct pair and group work and invite opinion from the students. (c) Make them read the text loudly and respond individually so that individual learning takes place. (d) Read the dialogues to each other to interact and ask questions to each other.

1. A.(b), (c), (d) are correct
2. B.(a), (b), (d) are correct✓
3. C.(a), (c), (d) are correct
4. D.(a), (b), (c) are correct

Correct answer: B

Cognitive theory of language development, supports that language is :

1. A.learnt through reward and punishment.
2. B.learnt through interaction with in the society.
3. C.dependent on child's understanding of the concept before verbalizing it.✓
4. D.innate capacity of an individual.

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : Language forms a critical aspect of cultural awareness and expression, which is considered among the major competencies to develop in children. Reason (R) : The competencies of cultural awareness and expression provide children with a sense of identity, belongingness, as well as an appreciation of other cultures and identities. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Textbooks contain stories, poems, plays and other forms of writing by writers. We need to select such materials because they are __________.

1. A.written with the purpose to be used in textbooks
2. B.written by well known writers
3. C.they are in simple language
4. D.authentic and are in natural language✓

Correct answer: D

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' State which of the following statements is True/False ? (A) The narrator offered sympathy to the old woman. (B) The boy attacked his sister in a violent manner.

1. A.Both (A) and (B) are False.
2. B.(A) is True but (B) is False.
3. C.(B) is True but (A) is False.
4. D.Both (A) and (B) are True.✓

Correct answer: D

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' State which of the following statements is True/False ? (A) The boy was dressed in casual wear. (B) On seeing his sister, the boy attacked her in rage.

1. A.Both (A) and (B) are False.
2. B.(A) is True but (B) is False.
3. C.(B) is True but (A) is False.
4. D.Both (A) and (B) are True.✓

Correct answer: D

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' What kind of sentence is the following ? `And what was that in his hand ?'

1. A.Interrogative✓
2. B.Exclamatory
3. C.Negative
4. D.Assertive

Correct answer: A

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' `He sped like a bullet towards the girl.' The underlined word is a/an __________.

1. A.Adjective
2. B.Preposition✓
3. C.Conjunction
4. D.Noun

Correct answer: B

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' How did the people present react to the big sound ?

1. A.They were shocked beyond belief.✓
2. B.They were indifferent to it.
3. C.They were confused.
4. D.They maintained their composure.

Correct answer: A

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' The youngman who appeared on the scene .....

1. A.was happy and smiling.
2. B.seemed full of curiosity.
3. C.was grievously wounded.✓
4. D.looked hale and hearty.

Correct answer: C

At that moment, we heard a big bang from outside, as if a bomb had exploded! We felt as if we were being thrown violently to the ground. From the shadow of a tree nearby, someone emerged and walked slowly towards the shop to stand before us. Everything had happened in the fraction of a second and seeing his face now, my throat went suddenly dry. He was a young boy. Across his cheek ran a deep gash, from eye to lip made by a bullet or a sharp knife. There was blood and pus in it. The flesh under his lip looked as if it had been ripped open and we could see his teeth in the quavering light. I went to the old woman and took her hand in mine, gripping it tightly. We were both shivering. The boy was wearing black jeans and a khaki jacket. And what was that in his hand ? A revolver ? Even in the smoky light of the kerosene lamp, the barrel shone. The old woman burst into a hysterical cry. `Oh my Kanbap, my son! I told your father a thousand times to bring you from the railway track. Oh my son, what has happened to you ? Why are you bleeding like this ?' Suddenly the boy's eyes fell on the girl sitting in the corner and trembling with fear. He sped like a bullet towards the girl and grabbing her hair, rained blows and kicks on her stomach, shouting, `I will smash your womb! I will kill the bastard child of that soldier you are carrying... Making love with a soldier, dirty bitch! Phooh! Phooh!' What does the underlined word mean in the expression; ... `in the quavering light' ?

1. A.moving
2. B.fluctuating✓
3. C.running
4. D.hanging

Correct answer: B

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. Identify the Part of Speech of the underlined word : `The tribe wanted someone to lead them ...'

1. A.Pronoun✓
2. B.Adjective
3. C.Preposition
4. D.Noun

Correct answer: A

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. In situations of war between tribes, the patriarch .....

1. A.became more powerful.✓
2. B.was ignored.
3. C.gave up his leadership role.
4. D.became less powerful.

Correct answer: A

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. State which of the following is True/False. (A) With new kinds of work coming up, the patriarch functioned like an organiser. (B) The patriarch led his tribe to battle.

1. A.Both (A) and (B) are False.
2. B.(A) is True but (B) is False.
3. C.(B) is True but (A) is False.
4. D.Both (A) and (B) are True.✓

Correct answer: D

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. Identify the tense of the given expression : `Whatever a man earned was divided up ...'

1. A.Present Perfect
2. B.Past Tense✓
3. C.Past Perfect
4. D.Present Tense

Correct answer: B

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. Who was selected as the leader of the tribe ?

1. A.the most powerful
2. B.the most domineering
3. C.the humblest
4. D.the oldest and the wisest✓

Correct answer: D

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. How was food divided in the tribe ?

1. A.The strong got more while the weak got less.
2. B.The patriarch got the lion's share.
3. C.It was divided unequally along gender lives.
4. D.It was divided equally among all members.✓

Correct answer: D

I have told you already about the formation of tribes. When agriculture came, and there was some division of work or labour, it became necessary for some person in the tribe to organise the work. Even before this, the tribes wanted someone to lead them to battle against another tribe. The leader was usually the oldest man in the group. He was called, or rather we call him now, the patriarch. As the oldest, he was supposed to be the most experienced and to have the most knowledge. This patriarch was not very different from the other members of the tribe. He worked with the others, and all the food that was produced was divided between all the members of the tribe. Everything belonged to the tribe. It was not like we have now, each person having his separate house and money and many other things. Whatever a man earned was divided up as it all belonged to the tribe. The patriarch or the organiser of the tribe did this dividing. But changes came in slowly. There were new kinds of work, especially on account of agriculture, and the patriarch had to spend most of his time in organising and seeing that work was properly done by all the members of the tribe. Little by little, the patriarch gave up doing the ordinary work or labour of the people. He thus became quite different from the rest of the people. We see now another kind of division of work or labour : the patriarch doing the organizing and ordering people about, and the other people working in the fields and hunting and going to battle, and obeying the orders of their leader, the patriarch. If there was a war or fight between two tribes, the patriarch became even more powerful, for in wartime it was not possible to fight well without a leader. So the patriarch became very powerful. Choose the word nearest in meaning to `patriarch' :

1. A.father-figure✓
2. B.relative
3. C.neighbour
4. D.friend

Correct answer: A

A teacher finds a video to fit into the topic of the unit and plans for a pair work activity around this video. The objective of this pair work activity is to encourage students to :

1. A.make them work at a faster pace together.
2. B.work independently of the teacher.✓
3. C.develop language awareness.
4. D.assess their own work.

Correct answer: B

A collection of short stories and other narratives are prescribed as supplementary reader for language learning. What is the major purpose of the supplementary reader ?

1. A.To promote intensive reading.
2. B.To promote moral learning.
3. C.To promote extensive reading.✓
4. D.To promote multilingualism.

Correct answer: C

Assertion (A) : Remedial teaching is an integral part of the teaching-learning process. Reason (R) : Remedial teaching is to teach again, not necessarily in the same manner the language items not properly learnt. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

Retelling of a story read by a student in his/her own words helps in assessing :

1. A.Fluency
2. B.Comprehension✓
3. C.Memory
4. D.Accuracy

Correct answer: B

Which of the following is an incorrect assumption in language teaching ?

1. A.Learner's first language plays an important role in learning.
2. B.Language teaching should have a focus in communicative activities.
3. C.Language teaching should give importance to writing rather than to speech.✓
4. D.Learners acquire language by trying to use it in real situations.

Correct answer: C

Which among these is the primary responsibility of a language teacher ?

1. A.Selecting the content for teaching.
2. B.Grouping learners into different classes.
3. C.Instructing the learners.
4. D.Identifying learner's communicative needs.✓

Correct answer: D

Children at the foundational stage are most comfortable and learn best in :

1. A.the official language.
2. B.their home language.✓
3. C.English medium.
4. D.the medium of instruction.

Correct answer: B

Which one of the following is incorrect about storytelling for children ? Listening to stories, help children to :

1. A.learn sentence structure.
2. B.develop problem-solving skills.
3. C.learn new moral values to be followed in life.✓
4. D.learn new words and expand their vocabulary.

Correct answer: C

A teacher in a language task makes a mixed ability group of students. This mixed ability group is made to :

1. A.give space to dominate students to express freely.
2. B.encourage students to help one another.✓
3. C.share teacher's load, as the teacher cannot give attention to all.
4. D.identify weaker students.

Correct answer: B

Children should be exposed to and immersed in __________.

1. A.two written languages from an early age
2. B.multiple oral languages from an early age✓
3. C.multiple written languages from an early age
4. D.two oral languages from an early age

Correct answer: B

Assertion (A) : Drawing is considered to be the beginning of writing in the early literacy. Reason (R) : Pictures are symbols and carry meaning. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓

Correct answer: D

The `minimal pair' drill can be an effective strategy to improve :

1. A.Vocabulary✓
2. B.Pronunciation
3. C.Reading comprehension
4. D.Grammar

Correct answer: A

Which of the following is not related to the Behaviourist theory of language acquisition ?

1. A.Empty vessel.
2. B.Trial and error.
3. C.Social interaction.✓
4. D.Operant conditioning.

Correct answer: C

A teacher in class V gave students a task to write a story. While students write a story, the teacher walks round the class helping students who make errors or ask new words. Here the teacher is in the role of a :

1. A.Planner
2. B.Facilitator✓
3. C.Diagnostician
4. D.Manager

Correct answer: B

Assertion (A) : Reading is more than just pronouncing a word right. Reason (R) : Reading is decoding. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

1. A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).✓
2. B.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
3. C.(A) is false, but (R) is true.
4. D.Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct answer: A